The educational trends in educational philosophies are cyclical

Analyzing the timeline of the educational philosophies and indicating the main trends in them, it can be stated that most educational trends are cyclical.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The educational trends in educational philosophies are cyclical specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the philosophical trends in the development of the public education system of the United States were cyclical in terms of emphasizing the needs of society or needs and interests of students, approach to testing the students’ learning achievements and including or non-including religious studies into the curriculum. As to the main principles defining the structure of the school curriculum, the educational philosophies regulating this problem in the United States were cyclical. For instance, in the nineteenth century, in the frames of segregated education program, education was appreciated as a possible way to the i mproved quality of life of individual students (Mondale Patton, 2001). Later on, the Progressive reform in the early twentieth century offered increased vocational education and shifted emphasis towards preparing children for life in a democratic society. John Dewey as the main theoretician of progressive education emphasized the importance of narrowing the gap between theory and practice and criticized the child-study movement. This tendency continued in the 1950s during the Space Race when the National Education Defense Act of 1958 emphasized the role of math and science in the school curriculum to meet the needs of the state. However, with the growing popularity of home schooling and unschooling movements within the recent years, it can be stated that currently more emphasis is put upon the actual needs and interests of a child. Another example is the restored popularity of Montessori educational system. This system which was based on the principles of fostering the childrenâ₠¬â„¢s natural willingness is dated back to the early twentieth century. Currently, after a century break, this system gains popularity among educators.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the increased popularity of home schooling and unschooling movements, it can be stated that the importance and value of standard testing is currently denied by the followers of these educational philosophies. Franciosi (2004) noted that since the middle of the nineteenth century, standardized school testing has been regarded as a tool of accountability for public schools (p. 9). After the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, the importance of preparing students for standard tests in reading and maths has been emphasized. However, analyzing the increased amount of students who make transitions to unschooling strategies, it can be stated that the current trend is to deny the effectiveness of testing for evaluating the effectiveness of educational models and students’ learning outcomes. The trend of inclusion or non-inclusion of religious studies into the school curriculum was cyclical. At the beginning of the struggle for the public tax-supported schools, Horace Mann promoted the idea of creating nonsectarian public schools (Alexander Alexander, 2005, p. 26). The reformers offered to exclude sectarian comments from the school curriculum, but to preserve the readings of the Bible without any sectarian comments on it. Currently, a lot of home schooling or unschooling programs are based on certain religious programs. Therefore, the trend to include the religious studies into the curriculum gains popularity in the twenty first century. As it can be seen from the historical analysis of the educational philosophies adopted by the United States, the educational trends are cyclical and can denied in certain periods of time, but later gain popularity and be accepted by educators. Re ference List Alexander, K. Alexander, D. (2005). American public school law. Belmont, CA: Thomson West Publishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The educational trends in educational philosophies are cyclical specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Franciosi, R. (2004). The rise and fall of American public schools: The political economy education in the twentieth century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Mondale, S. Patton, S. B. (eds.). School: The story of American public education. (2001). Boston, MA: Beacon Press. This essay on The educational trends in educational philosophies are cyclical was written and submitted by user Elle Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essays

A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essays A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essay A Comparison between Knowledge and Information Essay Essay The definition for cognition and information are usually high related. It is true that both of them complement each other but it is besides of import to cognize that they are reciprocally sole constructs. There are some of import differences between cognition and information that brand of them two independent constructs. What are those features? Which comes foremost and leads to the other? How can we utilize them together to acquire their maximal benefit? Well. I have settled on the undermentioned essay a definition for both knowledge and information. the manner the complement each other and which one is more meaningful in a occupation. In my sentiment cognition is made by beliefs. positions. judgements. experiences. visions. truths and constructs ( information ) . I believe besides that cognition is really situational- independent. In the other manus information is made by facts. informations. descriptions. Numberss. words. music. images. sounds and so on. Knowledge refers to the practical usage of information. While information can be transported. stored or shared without many troubles the same can non be said about cognition. Knowledge needfully involves a personal experience. Mentioning back to the scientific experiment. a 3rd individual reading the consequences will hold information about it. while the individual who conducted the experiment personally will hold knowledge about it. It is really of import to hold this difference clear. specially in our Internet-based society. Today information is freely available to anyone anyplace in the universe. An 18 twelvemonth old male child from the Sri Lanka could easy seek on the web and happen all the information of all time produced about an Adenoidectomy. But I am non certain whether I would wish to hold this same male child executing that surgery on myself†¦ what about you?

Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication Essay

Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication - Essay Example 3). One strongly believes that this phenomenon, the closeness-communication bias is significantly manifested in most close interpersonal relationships in contemporary times due to the preconceived notion that closeness is synonymous with understanding what the other person really intends to relate. In one’s personal experience, there is a feeling of complacency that closeness between spouses or friends is actually indicative of knowing what the other person needs or wants – even prior to communicating the message. However, one was surprised to find out from the study that this notion is untrue. When one searched further on the closeness-communication bias, the research study conducted by Savitsky, Keysar, Epley, Carter, and Swanson (2011) entitled â€Å"The closeness-communication bias: Increased egocentrism among friends versus strangers† and published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, the findings included the element of egocentrism, defined as â€Å"the philosophy or attitude of considering oneself the center of the universe† (The Free Dictionary, 2012, p. 1). The outcome of the study indicated that â€Å"egocentrism increases when one interacts with close friends—individuals who are assumed to be similar to oneself, and f or whom one may therefore relax efforts to correct an initial, egocentric default† (Savitsky, Keysar, Epley, Carter, & Swanson, 2011, p. 272). This is a surprising revelation because at it explains, taking one’s understanding that the other person knows more about oneself contributed to the perception that the other person actually understands more than what is actually being communicated. In response, therefore, to the following questions: (1) Have you ever had a miscommunication with someone close to you simply because you assumed that they understood you? What happened? The answer is yes. A close friend was usually assigned to do powerpoint presentations in academic projects. When

Smartphones Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smartphones - Annotated Bibliography Example There are a thousand parts of the smartphones that cause a range of concerns. Such issues range from freezing to the force closing of application and booting attached problems just like computer or tablet problems. The warranty coverages halt after some years and hence the customer remains responsible for the hardware or software replacement. In addition, cost a chief setback to smartphones with respect to owning and operating smartphones (Perlow 34). It is interesting to uncover that one’s monthly cell phone bill for the smartphone is higher as compared to ordinary cellphones. Chief Cellphone carriers like Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile and Sprint users pay up to 75 and 120 dollars monthly for Smartphones excluding taxes and fees. The initial costs of acquiring smartphones are also high with a minimum $600. However, it is beneficial to signing on with carriers to due to discounts after signing a contract service. Smartphones provide capabilities such as those of Blackberry, iPhone, Windows Phone and Android that far much compared to basic clamshell and flip-style phones. Smartphones presents users with ability to check for social media sites, email conversation and transaction performance like read books and instant messages. As the smartphones provide capabilities that ordinary cellphones, a sense of convenience crops in those basic cells cannot provide. The GPS application capabilities offer users turn-by-turn directions to anywhere from all location. Bank account balance can be accessed; social networking further helps users keep close ties with relatives, friends and families (Perlow 52). The used smartphones will cost less relative to new ones but still perform the functionality required. They are purchased on auction sites such as eBay as well as when advertised in local newspapers classifieds sections and Craigslist. However, one must assess the smartphone for any past

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community Term Paper

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community - Term Paper Example However, the costs of ecotourism have become a controversial issue among different sectors and institutions in global society. Even though ecotourism is seen to promote ecological awareness for travelers and serve as a significant revenue generator for rural societies, a lot of people question its real function in the community. Some groups like Tourism Concern in the UK argued that ecotourism harms the environment, together with the people in it. (Ecobits and Ecopieces 2002) Currently, the word ecotourism is used loosely in conversations. "Ecotourism" is often used to denote activities involving nature. "Ecotourism" can designate a wide array of activity like mountain climbing, water rafting, and other ecological explorations. However, it can be surprising to find out that various ecotourism institutions give definitions which are a way to far from the colloquial perception. Ecotourism means "ecological tourism," which possesses both "ecological" and "social" connotations. Ecotourism can denote both "concept/tourism movement" and as a "tourism sector (Ecotourism 2005)." The existence of ecotourism dates back in the late 1980s and United Nations declared the year 2002 as the International Year of Tourism. During that year, the UN has recognized the impact of ecotourism in the global community and aimed to promote "sustainable tourism (International Year of Ecotourism 2002)."The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well being of local people (What is Ecotourism 2004)." This also implies that people who implement and take part in this "responsible travel" should adhere to principles so as promote the objectives of ecotourism. With this consideration, companies and participants alike are required to "minimize" their impact on the ecological society visited. Ecotourism activities should also be designed to establish environmental and cultural awareness and respect, as well as provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Since ecotourism is geared to develop the "destination," it should be able to benefit the society financially for the conservation of the environment.  

Wars and conflict is nowadays

Wars and conflict is nowadays Are journalistic practices in the reporting of conflict and war significantly different to routine reporting? The reporting on wars and conflict is nowadays an important part of warfare. War Journalist, have the chance to come extremely close to combat and thus being able to give first hand information on a wars development and outcome. Wars are nowadays considered to not only having to be fought on the battlefield but also on television and thus in the living rooms of literally every household in the world, enabling the viewers and reader to closely follow these events. However, due to the severity of wars, war correspondence is often associated with problems such as â€Å"allegiance, responsibility, truth, and balance† (Allen and Zelizer, 2004: p.3) When a war correspondent witnesses near death experiences, it is often hard to stay neutral. This in turn could cause reports of war to become biased. War reporting often comes under crossfire of criticism, to the use of unbalanced government source or the ability of newspapers, television stations or any other media corporation to manip ulate a journalists report. While routine reporting obviously often has the chance of being biased towards one side just as conflict and war reporting has, the circumstances under which these biases are formed are different. There is a major difference between how information is perceived when under the perils of war when compared to simply working from within a newsroom. Routine reporting when compared to reporting on wars and conflicts is much more factual. In most cases, routine news stories are backed up by facts, based on official sources. These researches into an issue can range from having to be immediate or can take month to research, depending on the genre of the issue and its situation, and the importance of the story. Although with the tendency of todays need for the media to be quick, in order to report on a topic before any other media company is able to report on the same topic, routine reporters have a bit more leeway on the schedules. War reporting on the other hand has to be even more instant. Reporters must give statements on a regular basis and unlike routine reporting, a major part of their reports is mainly based on what they have seen, heard and experience. They rely heavily on interviews with soldiers, generals that are stationed in the warzone, as well as having to try to get information from civilians and maybe even opposing f orces. Routine reporting also does not entwine the audience in the way war reporting does. It gives a much more distant view, and thus many viewers only see an event passively and are not necessarily as interested and concerned about it as the audience of war reporting is. War reporting can be very one sided. It is obvious, that for example an American reporter will usually mainly report on the status of the US military rather than that of its enemy. This can be caused due to patriotic views of the journalist, the country that his media institution is based in and the views of both of the government and the audience back home that is being reported to. It makes sense that the audience will usually be more interested in the situation of their own troops rather than those of the opposition. In covering a conflict, the media usually relies on sources from the military. Boyd-Barrett considers â€Å"this myopia might be attributed to the media reluctance to be seen as relying on ‘unreliable, ‘censored, or ‘unverified reports† (Boyd-Barrett, 2004) A journalist that is amidst a military conflict is often profoundly affected by the extreme environment he is in. A journalist usually tries to abide by certain news values, so as to give an account of a situation as clearly and objectively as he can. However, these news values which might provide journalists well during peaceful times are hard to abide by when journalists are in a war stricken area. Their position of a journalist can be very outlandish. While being engulfed by the conflict, a journalist is still a bystander, a close yet distant observer. He interacts with soldiers and civilians, and yet has no physical part in any of the conflicts outcomes. â€Å"Confronted with the often horrific realities of conflict, any belief that the journalist can remain distant, remote or unaffected by what is happening ‘tends to go out the window in a hurry.† (Allen and Zelizer, 2004: p.3) Another issue to be put into account is the patriotic and military views of a journalist with which he went into the warzone. Even if he enters a warzone with sceptical views of the war he is reporting on, sooner or later a reporter tends to associate himself with the side he arrived and is continuously travelling with, he becomes more familiar with them, and also develops the need to feel safe and thus stays with his group. Some individuals, when put under extreme conditions can develop as stated by Gralnick (2003, in Tumber, 2003), something similar to the ‘Stockholm syndrome, where while both sides are at war, he clings to one side for his protection, and develops a sense of extreme loyalty to them. All these factors in turn have a profound effect on the journalists news story. Under these harsh circumstances, the ability of a journalist to stay neutral and keep an entirely unbiased opinion in his report is practically impossible. Obviously, similar situations, while most definitely not as harsh and drastic, can happen in routine journalism, but the chance of s uch an unbiased report being broadcasted is much more likely to be resolved, when compared to war correspondence. â€Å"It is much easier for producers and editors, situated miles away, to hold on to the central idea of objectivity, even as their colleagues in the field find the concept less easy to grasp.†(Tumber, 2004) The war correspondent does not only report, but as mentioned earlier is a ‘participating bystander. Everyday journalists on the other hand usually do not develop such a strong bond with individuals they are reporting about, either due to their distance, or the fact that they only have short contact with these individuals. Despite the fact that they might develop a sense of sympathy towards a person, it usually is nowhere near as extreme as those sympathies that a war journalist can develop. As cruel as these situations seem to be on the mental state of a reporter, having to keep an objective view of events, whilst being completely surround by hardship, opposing sides with opposing views and strategies, he still has to be able to give a truthful account to the public, that relies on them to try and be as honest and unbiased as possible. Only recently, during the Iraqi conflict in 2003, journalists were ‘embedded into US and British military units. They literally became part of a unit. They went wherever that unit went, experienced what that military unit experienced. It could be considered that this was a strategy implemented by the United States, so as to be able to control what was presented to the public. It may be that embedded reporters are, despite often diligent objectivity and undoubted courage, forced by current constraints to produce a kind of coverage which may, for some, make war appear more acceptable. (BBC News Online, 2003) While this strategy of emb edding, enabled journalists to be closer to the action, and being able to give more factual, and immediate reports, it could possibly have reduced their abilities to present reports with ‘both sides of the story. â€Å"what was missing during the conflict was a broader analysis, especially in relation to how Iraqi people saw and experienced the conflict.† (BBC News Online, 2003). Reporting on wars and conflicts is not only done by the war journalists alone, but is very much under the control of the news agency these war journalists work for. Whilst a war journalist might be able to give a report as truthfully and unbiased as he possibly can, the news agency is able to influence the way the story is presented to the public. In this way, the news agency itself is able to ‘self-censor stories, by distorting them, picking and choosing which parts of a journalists report should be broadcasted or printed. Thus different news agencies are able to take sides, or make their reports seem more neutral. An example for this is the reports done by MSNBC and Fox News. Both of these news broadcasting stations tried to present the Iraqi war in a brighter light, supporting the war and their soldiers. â€Å"It followed an aggressively partisan approach, where newscasters referred to US and British troops as ‘we, ‘ours, ‘heroes and ‘liberators and actively deflected criticism of the invasion† (Allen and Zelizer, 2004: pg.9) On the other hand, with modern media and communication technologies which enable us to send and receive information straight away, the immediacy of news, and the race of being the first to present a story, has caused news stories to be shortened, incomplete, not in depth and in some cases possibly wrong. Furthermore, Hoskins believes that â€Å"in this way a drive for immediacy directly constrains the ability of journalists to perform their jobs effectively.† (Hoskins, 2004: p.46) These two factors show that there is a certain similarity between routine reporting and war and conflict reporting. All stories deemed newsworthy are part of the race over which news agency reports on an event first. In this case it does not matter if it is news about a war or conflict, celebrity or political scandal, the death of an important person, or the reporting on an earthquake or other natural disaster. Repor ting news is in straightforward terms, a fight for viewers and readership between news agencies, thus in fact a means to making a monetary profit. Furthermore, the capability of making news on conflicts and war live and in action gives it a sense of reality television, not only making it feel real and immediate and close, but gives an audience a certain thrill and thus could be considered to be entertainment as well as being news reporting on war. Frankly, news in general, is being ‘dumbed down. Some might argue that this tendency to turn war, which in fact should be viewed as quiet a serious affair, into a sort of perverse entertainment is rather unethical. However, the idea of turning something that might sometimes seem far away and an affair of politicians, states and the military, and not necessarily a real concern to the standard citizen, into a gripping, interesting and entertaining coverage does not necessarily dumb down the audience itself, but causes them to follow and concern themselves with a war or conflict and thus stirring an interest in the event itself. Even if the means used to create this effect are not entirely moral. This essentially means that people actually become more involved, rather than simply seeing it as a distant incident. The media, especially television broadcasting, and the ability of showing live events as mentioned before had the tendency to be similar to exciting reality television which often ‘glued the audience to the television screens. This was further exploited by broadcasters because their reporters were able to use the potential of their surroundings, the close proximity to danger and the sometimes unknown near future of the conflict that could affect them at any moment. The on the scene reporters often seemed somewhat fearful, in a hurry and their words might be slightly jumbled. While these portrayals by the journalist might actually be or at least seem authentic, they cause viewers to find these reports more interesting than when the event is simply and dryly presented from within a newsroom, thousands of kilometres away from the actual event All t hese effects caused viewers to be able to accept what the reporter was experiencing as true because the reporter is in the middle of the conflict, reporting on what he is experiencing and seeing. Another factor that comes both with war journalism and the fact that many media agencies are becoming largely global in their coverage, is the effect their reports can have on the outcome of a conflict or war. This is called the ‘CNN Effect. The media in this case has an immense power. It has the ability of bringing specific news (or not) to the public, which often triggers the need for the government to take actions accordingly. â€Å"If a humanitarian emergency is not featured in the media, it does not become an emergency for political leaders and policy makers.† (Rosenblatt, 1996 in Carruthers, 2000: p. 198-199) To conclude, war journalism, is highly subjective to various influences. A war journalists perception of his surroundings, his patriotic stance towards a certain country, his emotional connection with the soldiers and civilians, the chance of death or serious injury as well as his own perception of the war, all distort his ability to be completely objective in his reporting. Routine reports are not influenced in such a way because they are not present. Furthermore, the ability of news agencies to be able to take patriotic and pro-war stances towards their country, so as to both gain public support for the war and to gain viewers and readers for their own monetary benefits. News agencies capability, through various methods of putting pressure upon a government, political and or military group to take action or non-action can have a profound impact on the outcome of a conflict. And lastly, a governments ability to confine journalists to only seeing a conflict or war from a single persp ective can also have intense effects on the news reporting. Routine reporting on the other hand, takes a much more distant stance towards the subjects it reports on and hence is able to take up a much more neutral stance towards an event.

Heathen and Christian Elements in the Wanderer Essay -- Wanderer

Heathen and Christian Elements in the Wanderer      Ã‚  Ã‚   The modern word 'weird' bears only a superficial resemblance to its etymological descendent, wyrd.   What now stands for 'strange' and 'queer' only has an archaic connection to its classical meaning of 'Fate'.   During the process of evolution, however, the word went through many phases, especially during the formation of the English language by the Anglo-Saxons.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wyrd appears fairly often in Old English poetry and prose, indicating a certain importance in Germanic society.   By following the changes the word undergoes, it is also possible to follow some of the changes that the culture undergoes as well.   A fine example of Old English poetry that employs wyrd on four separate occasions - with four separate meanings - is The Wanderer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What began as a word firmly rooted in what can only be termed 'heathen' culture eventually began to take on much more religious overtones.   The word wyrd, though originally pagan in meaning, had found an entirely Christian colouring by the time of its use in The Wanderer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before beginning an analysis of a single word that appears four times in this poem, it is important to establish a few assumptions about the nature of the piece itself.   Many an article and essay have been written about The Wanderer, trying to define its theme, genre, even its narrator.   Yet the wonderfully ambiguous nature of the poem defies any single explanation, so it remains up to the critical reader to develop his own opinion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the purpose of this paper, it is believed that The Wanderer is, in essence, a heathen/pagan poem, rooted firmly in the Germanic culture from whence it hails.   H... ...y Exile of the   Ã‚  Ã‚   Wanderer."   Neophilologus 73 (1989): 119-129.    Dunning, T.P., and A.J.Bliss, eds.   The Wanderer.   London: Methuen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   & Co, 1969    Lochrie, Karma.   "Wyrd and the Limits of Human Understanding: a    Thematic Sequence in the Exeter Book."   JEPG 85 (1986): 323-331    Timmer, B.J.   "Wyrd in Anglo-Saxon Prose and Poetry."     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neophilologus 26 (1941): 213-128.    Timmer, B.J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Heathen and Christian Elements in Old English Poetry."   Neophilologus 29 (1944): 180-185.      Ã‚  Ã‚   1Due to the lack of punctuation in The Wanderer, it is nigh impossible to know who is narrating, or to whom he/she is referring to at any given time.   Ã‚  Ã‚   2The actual meaning of "sundor à ¦t rune" remains ambiguous.   Though "apart in meditation" seems the most likely, interpretations such as "reading runes" have been put forward.